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, if the listeners gave no heed or credence to the talk). Itwould probably be a grave sin to omit the reference to the senses inthe ordinary form, as that seems to be a notable Excess and Defect. Butabsolution may be given those who promise to abandon a proximate andvoluntary occasion, or to use the proper means of safety if they are ina proximate and necessary occasion of sin (see 263 sqq.

In American civil law perjury is a false oath givenbefore a tribunal and is a crime against public justice, ; for a survey of modern studies on the problem see _Proceedings ofthe Catholic Theological Society of America_, 1957). Or, more exactly, a penance done inthe state of sin, but without affection for sin and under the influen Thus, if one steals the tool ofa poor farmer, which is of little value in itself but which brings onhim a serious loss, one is responsible for the loss as well as for thetool.